what is the difference between a short cage and a long cage derailleur?
why are there different sizes and in which case would each one be used.
About one inch!
Seriously, a short cage has a lower tooth capacity than a long cage one. If I remember correctly, most short cages are 28t difference and long cage are around 38t. This means that the total differences in chainring sizes should be less than that (53-39=14t difference with an 12-24 cassette (12t diff) equals a needed capacity of 26t.)
Most shorts are found on road bikes with double front rings, while longs are on mountain bikes and triple ring road bikes.
This is assuming the bike is setup so the chain will shift into a large/large gear combo and the derailleur has enough tension to take up the slack in the small/small combo. This is the way manufacturers spec their bikes to prevent broken chains (and riders) from the der. not being able to cope with the gear combo.
Since many of the gear combos are duplicated by other chainring/rear sprocket combos, you can use a short cage der. on the rear of a triple set up but it will not be able to go in the extreme gear combos. The benefit is slightly lighter weight (shorter cage, less chain links) and depending on who you talk to, faster shifts. In mt. bike use it also has better ground clearance.
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